Determining the mechanical characteristics of the artery is very essential for the production of vascular implants. In the present work, the mechanical characteristics of arterial walls were investigated by considering plaque and stent in a 3D model. This article aims to investigate the effect of the arterial tissue with the same boundary conditions and restrictions for an artery blocked with the plaque and stent, in creating stress in the tissue. An intravascular stent implantation is a treatment method whose success largely depends on the mechanical characteristics of each vascular component, plaque and stent, and blood flow pressure. For opening up the blood flow in the blocked artery, stents could be used as medical devices. In this research, a stent was designed, and its impact on all three models of elastic, viscoelastic, and Hyper-elastic arterial tissue with plaque was studied and compared. An ideal finite element model was made to find the effect of three types of the artery tissue (elastic, viscoelastic, Hyper-elastic) with the systolic and diastolic blood flow pressure to observe the stress and the deformation of arteries, plaques, and stents. In addition, for the Hyper-elastic model, two Mooney-Rivlin and Ogden models were also investigated. It was found that the type of artery had an effective impact on the result of the stress and the deformation created in the stented artery. Moreover, the results illustrated that considering different models for the artery tissue affected the plaque and stent behavior. Arteries exhibit interesting mechanical behaviors. In the present study, an attempt was made to investigate different mechanical behaviors of arteries with the plaque and stent obstruction. In the examined models, the stress for the artery and plaque was higher in the Ogden model and the lowest one was in the viscoelastic model, and the deformation was higher in the viscoelastic model and lower in the Ogden model. It should be noted that the average stress for the vessel in the Ogden model was about 50% higher than the viscoelastic model. Pathological changes in the walls of the vessels can lead to high-risk cardiovascular diseases such as heart attacks and strokes. Understanding arterial mechanical behaviors provides valuable insight into disease. Therefore, the investigation of different behavioral models helps to evaluate the behavior of the arterial wall by considering the composition and function of the tissue.

In this article complete numerical formulation for nonlinear analysis of planar structures made of Hyper elastic materials with application in civil engineering is presented. Structural problems can be solved by finite element method using complete lagrange formulation. The presented formulation is for large strain problems and is applicable for a wide range of Hyper elastic nonlinear materials. Generally in nonlinear finite element analysis large deformation and disordered mesh (distorted) is seen. As using disordered elements, isoparametric elements would have low precision. Hyper elastic materials like rubber are one of the most effective materials in engineering application. The high axial strength and large deformation capacity of these materials make them suitable for many applications. Theory of Hyper elastic materials is proposed by references [13, 14]. These theories explain Hyper elasticity behavior in complicated formulations. Therefore we are interested in studying planar Hyper elastic elements with large deformation like rubber, leather etc. Eventually planar nonlinear elements formulation with Hyper elastic behavior is presented for structures having large deformations and complete lagrange formulation is used to analyze the structure. This formulation has been developed to analyze quadrilateral finite element models, which comparing to isoparametric 4-node elements is less sensitive to distorted meshing and doesn't have shear locking problem generated by geometrically distorted meshing. In order to deploy 2QACM benefits in nonlinear applications, complete lagrange formulation 3Q4HY is used, numerical examples in geometric nonlinear problems have shown presented formulation's ability to prevent loss of precision in highly distorted meshing for 4-node Hyper elastic elements. To show effectiveness of presented elements two numerical examples are presented. Q4HY elements efficiency in nonlinear analysis of planar elements made of Hyper elastic materials is significantly obvious. The program is written in matlab environment for nonlinear analysis of Hyper elastic problems. Two formulations are proposed and results have been compared with references results. Examples of rubber like problems have shown these formulations ability to analyze large strain structures. Numerical examples express four node element has less sensitivity to distortion in meshing in nonlinear analysis and can be used with good precision when element is diagonal, while calculated responses using 4 node isoparametric element may be inappropriate. 4 noded elements effect on developing a simple, applicable and valid nonlinear geometric analysis is significantly observed. Furthermore, a complete lagrangian formulation with a particular formulation by applying integration techniques to effectively establish stiffness matrix is presented. According to presented examples, the investigated elements have great potential in solving Hyper elastic problems.

Background: Hyper IgE syndrome is a rare primary immune deficiency disorder characterized by pulmonary and cutaneous infection, eczema, and elevated serum IgE levels. In this article, 4 patients with Hyper IgE syndrome and recurrent pulmonary infection were reported.Case Report: Four girls with history of recurrent pulmonary infections were worked up and Hyper IgE syndrome was diagnosed for them. All patients had recurrent pulmonary infections including pneumonia, bronchiectasis, pulmonary abscess, hydropneumothorax. Serum IgE levels were greater than 2000 Iu/ml in all cases. Microbial cultures showed staphylococcus aureas and pseudomans aeroginosa in two cases. All patients respond well to the wide spectrum intravenous antibiotics. Extra-pulmonary manifestations including purulent lymphadenitis, and skin and brain abcesses were observed. Conclusion: Hyper IgE syndrome causes recurrent pulmonary and extra-pulmonary infections which response fairly well to wide spectrum antibiotic therapy.

Hyper IgE syndrome (Job's syndrome) is a primary immunodeficiency disease with recurrent infections especially staphylococcal, coarse face, skeletal abnormality and significant increase in serum IgE level (IgE >2000IU/ml). We present a 16 years old boy admitted with chronic cough, dyspnea, eczema and pneumatocele. He had a history of chronic dermal infection since 1 month after birth. The diagnosis of Hyper IgE syndrome was made according to typical history and significant high serum IgE level.

Hyper-tubes consisting of Hyper-cubes of n -dimensions were designed and formulas for substructures of vary dimensions established.

Background and Aim: Uncontrolled diabetes can lead to diabetic foot ulcers and if it is not treated can lead to amputation. With suitable plantar pressure distribution, by changing material and arrangement of constituent layers for multi-layer insoles, the foot ulcers can be prevented or improved. In this study, single-layer and three-layer insoles made by Silicone Gel, Plastazote Foam, Polyfoam and Ethyl Vinyl Acetate foam have been compared.Materials and Method: the materials behavior determined using a uniaxial pressure test. Then a custom-made insole was prepared and by a digitizer device, a scatter file obtained from machined sample. This file was imported in Catia software and the volumes and surfaces has been created by using a three dimensional nonlinear FEM model, for 4 single-layer and 18 combinations of three-layer insoles during dynamic test. For verification of FE results, experimental test has been done by using Pedar system.Results: The results showed that among single-layer insoles, the Silicon Gel and Plastazote and between three-layer insoles arranging Plastazote, Silicone Gel and Ethyl Vinyl Acetate (from top to bottom) were recognized as the best combination.Conclusions: Three-layer insole stress concentration and strain can reduce 31% Von Mises constrain stress and 30% strain with respect to one layer insole. Experimental tests using Pedar system verified this result. In dynamic mode using Pedar system, Silicon Gel one layer insole and three-layer PLZ-SG-EVA decrease plantar pressure by 30% and 54% respectively in comparison with bare foot. The method used in this research can show suitable performance of these materials when used as insole. Also this research can be helpful for analyzing insoles using finite element method.

Background and aim: Dental irreversible hydrocolloid (Alginate) is a major dental used world wide in many clinical procedures. The purpose of this study was to investingate the dimensional stability after prolonged storage of Alginate elastic Chromo. This study was carried out in 2008 in Azad Islamic university.Method and Material: This experimental study was carried out by using labratory metal master model that contained two dies.20 impression were taken for master model by Alginate elastic Chromo The four storage conditions were as follow: 0/5 hours, 24 hours , 48 hours, 120 hours, stone model were poured. Die's height, diameter and distance between dies were measured by profile projector and compared with labratory model by use ANOVA test.Results: There is no significant different between of four times casting. Height & distance dimensional change were less than 1/5% (Max distoration after 24 hours) but diameters were more than 1/5%.Conclusion: Alginate elastic Chromo was not dimensionally stable over a 5 day period ( 120 hours). However, no effect of the times on dimensional change.

The intuitionistic fuzzification of (strong, weak, s-weak) Hyper BCK-ideals is introduced, and related properties are investigated. Characterizations of an intuitionistic fuzzy Hyper BCK-ideal are established. Using a collection of Hyper BCK-ideals with some conditions, an intuitionistic fuzzy Hyper BCK-ideal is built.

Using the notion of bipolar-valued fuzzy sets, the concepts of bipolar fuzzy (weak, s-weak, strong) Hyper BCK-ideals are introduced, and their relations are discussed. Moreover, several related properties are investigated.